Which of the following is a very common substrate used in the production of alcohol (ethanol) in distilleries?

Acetic acid is produced from which of the following?

Match the microbial products listed under Column-$I$ with the related microbes given under Column-$II$.

Column-$I$	Column-$II$
$A$. Citric acid	$p$. Methanobacterium
$B$. Cyclosporin $A$	$q$. Monascus purpureus
$C$. Statin	$r$. Aspergillus niger
$D$. Gobar gas	$s$. Trichoderma polysporum
	$t$. Clostridium butylicum

Choose the appropriate option from the given choices.

Assertion $A$: $Ernest \text{ Chain}$ and $Howard \text{ Florey}$ improved the production of penicillin.
Reason $R$: Penicillin was obtained from the fungus $Penicillium \text{ notatum}$.
Which option is correct for Assertion $A$ and Reason $R$?

The antibiotic penicillin is obtained from ..........

Which one of the following is used in the manufacture of alcohol?