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(A) Nitration of Phenol: The product depends on the concentration of $HNO_3$.$(i)$ Nitration with dilute $HNO_3$: $A$ mixture of $o$-nitrophenol and $

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Nitration with dilute $HNO_3$ and concentrated $HNO_3$.

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(A) Nitration of Phenol: The product depends on the concentration of $HNO_3$.$(i)$ Nitration with dilute $HNO_3$: $A$ mixture of $o$-nitrophenol and $p$-nitrophenol is formed. $o$-Nitrophenol can be separated by steam distillation due to intramolecular hydrogen bonding,while $p$-nitrophenol has intermolecular hydrogen bonding.$(ii)$ Nitration with concentrated $HNO_3$: Phenol reacts to form $2,4,6$-trinitrophenol (picric acid). To improve yield,phenol is first treated with concentrated $H_2SO_4$ to form phenol-$2,4$-disulphonic acid,which is then nitrated with concentrated $HNO_3$.$(b)$ Bromination of Phenol:$(i)$ With $Br_2$ in $CS_2$ at low temperature: Monobromophenols ($o$-bromophenol and $p$-bromophenol) are formed.$(ii)$ With $Br_2$ water: Phenol reacts rapidly to form a white precipitate of $2,4,6$-tribromophenol.

Write the nitration and bromination reactions of phenol.

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