Herbivores,which are an integral part of the ecosystem's food chain,can be ecologically considered as:

Identify the examples of Commensalism and Mutualism from the given list:
$I -$ Mango tree and Orchid
$II -$ Fungi and Algae or Cyanobacteria (Lichen)
$III -$ Fungi and roots of higher plants (Mycorrhizae)
$IV -$ Whale and Barnacles
$V -$ Sea Anemone and Clown fish
$VI -$ Plants and Seed dispersers
$VII -$ Plants and Pollinators
$VIII -$ Cattle egret and Grazing cattle
Commensalism $\quad\quad$ Mutualism

$A$ cuckoo laying eggs in the nest of other species of birds is an example of

This is an interaction in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited.

Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion $A$ and the other is labelled as Reason $R$.
Assertion $A$: Abingdon tortoise in Galapagos islands became extinct within a decade after goats were introduced.
Reason $R$: Goats were more efficient at browsing than Abingdon tortoise.
In the light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

If the strong partner is benefitted and the weak partner is damaged,it is known as: