Identify the positive interaction.

Interspecific interaction could be

The interaction observed in this diagram is

Who proposed the Competitive Exclusion Principle?

If $'+'$ sign is assigned to beneficial interaction,$'-'$ sign to detrimental and $'O'$ sign to neutral interaction,then the population interaction represented by $'+, -'$ refers to

Consider the following four statements and select the option which includes all the correct ones $:-$
$(a)$ Sparrow eating any seed is no less a predator.
$(b)$ Monarch butterfly is highly distasteful to its predator.
$(c)$ Nearly $25 \%$ of all insects are known to be phytophagous.
$(d)$ Thorns are the most common morphological defence mechanism.
Options $:-$