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(D) An ecosystem is a dynamic system that functions through the following processes:$1$. Constant interaction between biotic (living) and abiotic (non

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All of the above

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(D) An ecosystem is a dynamic system that functions through the following processes:$1$. Constant interaction between biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components,which maintains the flow of energy and the cycling of nutrients.$2$. Continuous consumption of energy stored by producers (green plants) by consumers (animals),which transfers energy from one trophic level to another.$3$. Decomposition of dead organic matter by decomposers (bacteria and fungi),which releases nutrients back into the environment,thereby maintaining the balance of the ecosystem.Therefore,all the given options are responsible for the dynamics of an ecosystem.

List-$I$	List-$II$
$a$. Carbon dissolved in oceans	$i$. $55$ billion tons
$b$. Annual fixation of carbon through photosynthesis	$ii$. $71 \%$
$c$. $PAR$ captured by plants	$iii$. $4 \times 10^{13} \ kg$
$d$. Productivity of oceans	$iv$. $2$ to $10 \%$

The dynamic system of an ecosystem depends on which of the following?

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