$X$-rays of wavelength $22 \, pm$ are scattered from a carbon target at an angle of $85^{\circ}$ to the incident beam. The Compton shift for $X$-rays is ......... $pm$.

$X$-rays cannot be deflected by means of an ordinary grating due to

The intensity of $X$-rays from a Coolidge tube is plotted against wavelength as shown in the figure. The minimum wavelength found is ${\lambda _c}$ and the wavelength of the ${K_\alpha }$ line is ${\lambda _k}$. As the accelerating voltage is increased:

The $K_\alpha$ $X$-ray emission line for tungsten occurs at $\lambda = 0.021 \ nm$. What is the energy difference between the $K$ and $L$ levels in this atom in $keV$?

$X$-rays of wavelength $0.140 \,nm$ are scattered from a block of carbon. What will be the wavelengths of $X$-rays scattered at $90^{\circ}$ (in $\,nm$)?

The structure of solids is investigated by using