Photosynthesis is a $..............$ process.

$I.$ In $C_{3}$-plants,the Calvin pathway takes place in mesophyll cells.
$II.$ In $C_{4}$-plants,the Calvin pathway takes place in the mesophyll cells.
Which of the following statements is true?

Assertion : Cyclic pathway of photosynthesis first appeared in some eubacterial species.
Reason : Oxygen started accumulating in the atmosphere after the non-cyclic pathway of photosynthesis evolved.

Match the following columns:

Column $I$	Column $II$
$i.$ Mitochondrial matrix	$p.$ Photophosphorylation
$ii.$ Chloroplast stroma	$q.$ Oxidative phosphorylation
$iii.$ Cristae	$r.$ Krebs cycle
$iv.$ Granum	$s.$ Dark reaction

Which of the following has been used in photosynthetic researches?

Which of the following methods is responsible for $ATP$ production by green plant cells in the presence of sunlight?