What percentage of the total global carbon is contained in the atmosphere (in $\%$)?

An ecosystem is a complex interacting system of

The early settlers on a barren area are

Sometimes,due to biotic or abiotic factors,the climax community remains in a particular seral stage (pre-climax) without reaching the final climax. Do you agree with this statement? If yes,provide a suitable example.

$A$- Grasshopper is included in primary consumer.
$R$- Fishes and birds are included in top carnivore.

Stratification occurs in