$A$,$B$ and $C$ are parallel-sided transparent media of refractive indices $n_{1}$,$n_{2}$ and $n_{3}$ respectively. They are arranged as shown in the figure. $A$ ray is incident at an angle $i$ on the surface of separation of $A$ and $B$. After refraction into medium $B$,the ray grazes the surface of separation of media $B$ and $C$. Then,$\sin i$ equals to

$A$ concave mirror is placed on a horizontal surface and two thin uniform layers of different transparent liquids (which do not mix or interact) are formed on the reflecting surface. The refractive indices of the upper and lower liquids are $\mu_1$ and $\mu_2$ respectively. The bright point source at a height $d$ ($d$ is very large in comparison to the thickness of the film) above the mirror coincides with its own final image. The radius of curvature of the reflecting surface is

The optical properties of a medium are governed by the relative permittivity $(\epsilon_r)$ and relative permeability $(\mu_r)$. The refractive index is defined as $n = \sqrt{\epsilon_r \mu_r}$. For ordinary material $\epsilon_r > 0$ and $\mu_r > 0$ and the positive sign is taken for the square root. In $1964$,a Russian scientist $V$. Veselago postulated the existence of material with $\epsilon_r < 0$ and $\mu_r < 0$. Since then,such 'metamaterials' have been produced in the laboratories and their optical properties studied. For such materials $n = -\sqrt{\epsilon_r \mu_r}$. As light enters a medium of such refractive index,the phases travel away from the direction of propagation.
$(i)$ According to the description above,show that if rays of light enter such a medium from air (refractive index $= 1$) at an angle $\theta_i$ in the $2^{nd}$ quadrant,then the refracted beam is in the $3^{rd}$ quadrant.
$(ii)$ Prove that Snell's law holds for such a medium.

The difference of speed of light in the two media $A$ and $B$ $(v_{A}-v_{B})$ is $2.6 \times 10^{7} \, m/s$. If the refractive index of medium $B$ is $1.47$,then the ratio of refractive index of medium $B$ to medium $A$ is: (Given: speed of light in vacuum $c = 3 \times 10^{8} \, m/s$)

Time taken by light to travel in two different materials $A$ and $B$ of refractive indices $\mu_{A}$ and $\mu_{B}$ of the same thickness is $t_{1}$ and $t_{2}$ respectively. If $t_{2}-t_{1}=5 \times 10^{-10} \text{ s}$ and the ratio of $\mu_{A}$ to $\mu_{B}$ is $1:2$. Then the thickness of the material,in meters,is: (Given $v_{A}$ and $v_{B}$ are velocities of light in $A$ and $B$ materials respectively).

$A$ ray of light is incident upon an air/water interface (it passes from air into water) at an angle of $45^o$. Which of the following quantities change as the light enters the water?
$(I)$ wavelength
$(II)$ frequency
$(III)$ speed of propagation
$(IV)$ direction of propagation