(A) The $K_{12}$ strain of $E. coli$ was the first to be studied for its genetic properties,notably by American scientists Joshua Lederberg and Edward

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(A) The $K_{12}$ strain of $E. coli$ was the first to be studied for its genetic properties,notably by American scientists Joshua Lederberg and Edward Tatum in $1946$. This landmark study demonstrated bacterial conjugation,which is a process of genetic transfer mediated by plasmids.