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(A) Primitive photosynthetic organisms,such as early bacteria,performed photosynthesis using only cyclic photophosphorylation. In this process,electro

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Cyclic photophosphorylation

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(A) Primitive photosynthetic organisms,such as early bacteria,performed photosynthesis using only cyclic photophosphorylation. In this process,electrons are cycled back to the reaction center,allowing for the synthesis of $ATP$ without the production of $NADPH$ or the evolution of $O_2$. The $Z$-scheme (non-cyclic photophosphorylation) evolved later with the development of $PS-II$,which allows for water splitting and oxygen production. Therefore,primitive plants relied on cyclic photophosphorylation.

Primitive photosynthetic plants used solar energy through ....

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