Which of the following are known as the 'pioneer species' in primary succession?

In hydrarch succession,the reed swamp stage is preceded by

Give scientific reasons: Coral reefs are not found in the regions from West Bengal to Andhra Pradesh,but are found in Tamil Nadu and on the east coast of India.

Match the trophic levels with their correct species examples in a grassland ecosystem.

$(a)$ Fourth trophic level	$(i)$ Crow
$(b)$ Second trophic level	$(ii)$ Vulture
$(c)$ First trophic level	$(iii)$ Rabbit
$(d)$ Third trophic level	$(iv)$ Grass

Select the correct option:

Maximum absorption of rainfall water is done by

If a single plant species is removed from a food web,then most likely