Which factor is essential for the formation of the biosphere?

What percentage of the total global carbon is contained in the atmosphere (in $, \%$)?

Out of the total cost of various ecosystem services, the soil formation accounts for $P$, while contributions of other services like recreation and nutrient cycling are less than $Q$ each. The value of climate regulation and habitat for wildlife is about $R$ each. Identify $P, Q,$ and $R$.

Which species is pioneer in xerosere succession?

The climax community is ultimately determined by which of the following?

If phytoplankton are destroyed in the sea,then