If the distance of Mercury from the Sun is $0.4$ times the distance of the Earth from the Sun,find the solar constant of Mercury in $cal/min \cdot cm^2$. The solar constant of the Earth is $2 \, cal/min \cdot cm^2$.

$A$ solid sphere of uniform density and radius $4$ units is located with its centre at the origin $O$ of coordinates. Two spheres of equal radii $1$ unit with their centres at $A(-2, 0, 0)$ and $B(2, 0, 0)$ respectively are taken out of the solid leaving behind spherical cavities as shown in the figure.

$A$ star of mass $M$ and radius $R$ is made up of gases. The average gravitational pressure compressing the star due to the gravitational pull of the gases making up the star depends on $R$ as

The earth takes $24\; h$ to rotate once about its axis. How much time (in $min$) does the sun take to shift by $1^o$ when viewed from the earth?

Fill in the blanks:
$(a)$ In the region inside the Earth,the acceleration due to gravity is proportional to the distance from the center of the Earth as ..... .
$(b)$ If the Earth shrinks such that its radius becomes half and its mass remains constant,the weight of an object on the Earth increases by a factor of ......... .
$(c)$ The orbital velocity of a geostationary satellite of the Earth is approximately ............ .

$A$ particle of mass $M$ is situated at the centre of a spherical shell of same mass and radius $a.$ The magnitude of the gravitational potential at a point situated at $a/2$ distance from the centre,will be