What is the cause of lanthanoid contraction?

  • A
    Poor shielding effect of outer electrons by $4f$ electrons.
  • B
    Effective shielding effect of outer electrons by $5d$ electrons.
  • C
    Same effective nuclear charge of elements from $Ce$ to $Lu$.
  • D
    Imperfect shielding of outer electrons by $4f$ electrons.

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