What does phenol give with $NaOH$ and $CHCl_3$ at $340 \ K$?

When phenol is reacted with $CHCl_3$ and $NaOH$ followed by acidification,salicylaldehyde is obtained. Which of the following species are involved in the above mentioned reaction as intermediates?

Phenol and benzoic acid are distinguished by

What are $X$ and $Y$ respectively in the following set of reactions?

The major product of the following reaction is:

What is produced when phenol reacts with sodium?