The Avogadro number is $6 \times 10^{23}$. What will be the number of protons,neutrons,and electrons in $14 \, g$ of $_6C^{14}$?

Consider the following nuclear reactions:
$I$. ${ }_{7}^{14} N +{ }_{2}^{4} He \longrightarrow{ }_{8}^{17} O + X$
$II$. ${ }_{4}^{9} Be +{ }_{2}^{4} He \longrightarrow{ }_{6}^{12} C + Y$
Then,

At what distance does the minimum value of potential energy be obtained between the nucleons (in $fm$)?

It is now believed that protons and neutrons (which constitute nuclei of ordinary matter) are themselves built out of more elementary units called quarks. $A$ proton and a neutron consist of three quarks each. Two types of quarks,the so-called 'up' quark (denoted by $u$) of charge $+(2/3)e$,and the 'down' quark (denoted by $d$) of charge $-(1/3)e$ together with electrons build up ordinary matter. Suggest a possible quark composition of a proton and neutron.

Out of gravitational,electromagnetic,Van der Waals,electrostatic,and nuclear forces,which two are able to provide an attractive force between two neutrons?

$A$ nucleus with atomic mass number $A$ produces another nucleus by losing $2$ alpha particles. The volume of the new nucleus is $60$ times that of the alpha particle. The atomic mass number $A$ of the original nucleus is: