What is the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid called?

Which of the following compounds will react with $NaHCO_3$ solution to give sodium salt and carbon dioxide?

Assertion : $\beta$-Keto carboxylic acids lose $CO_2$ when heated at about $370 \ K$.
Reason : An enol is first formed by loss of $CO_2$,but it readily tautomerises to the more stable ketone.

Grignard reagents do not give carbonyl compounds with :

The descending order of acidity for the following carboxylic acids is:
$A.$ $CH_3COOH$
$B.$ $F_3C-COOH$
$C.$ $ClCH_2-COOH$
$D.$ $FCH_2-COOH$
$E.$ $BrCH_2-COOH$
Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Identify the product $(P)$ in the following reaction: