$A$ bullet of $10\, \text{g}$, moving with velocity $v$, collides head-on with the stationary bob of a pendulum and recoils with velocity $100\, \text{m/s}$. The length of the pendulum is $0.5\, \text{m}$ and the mass of the bob is $1\, \text{kg}$. The minimum value of $v$ in $\text{m/s}$ so that the pendulum completes a vertical circle is: (Assume the string to be inextensible and $g=10\, \text{m/s}^2$)

Answer the following:
$(a)$ The casing of a rocket in flight burns up due to friction. At whose expense is the heat energy required for burning obtained? The rocket or the atmosphere?
$(b)$ Comets move around the sun in highly elliptical orbits. The gravitational force on the comet due to the sun is not normal to the comet's velocity in general. Yet the work done by the gravitational force over every complete orbit of the comet is zero. Why?
$(c)$ An artificial satellite orbiting the earth in a very thin atmosphere loses its energy gradually due to dissipation against atmospheric resistance,however small. Why then does its speed increase progressively as it comes closer and closer to the earth?
$(d)$ In Figure $(i)$ the man walks $2\; m$ carrying a mass of $15\; kg$ on his hands. In Figure $(ii)$,he walks the same distance pulling the rope behind him. The rope goes over a pulley,and a mass of $15\; kg$ hangs at its other end. In which case is the work done greater?

Match the items in Column-$I$ with Column-$II$.

Column-$I$	Column-$II$
$(1)$ Work done is zero	$(a)$ By gravitational force (when body moves down)
$(2)$ Work done is positive	$(b)$ Against gravitational force (when body moves up)
$(3)$ Work done is negative	$(c)$ By centripetal force

$A$ particle of mass $m$ moving horizontally with velocity $v_0$ strikes a smooth wedge of mass $M$,as shown in the figure. After the collision,the particle starts moving up the inclined face of the wedge and rises to a height $h$. The maximum height $h$ attained by the particle is:

$A$ body $A$ moving with momentum $P$ collides one-dimensionally with another stationary body $B$ of same mass. During impact,$A$ gives impulse $J$ to $B$. Then which of the following is/are correct?
$(a)$ The total momentum of $A$ and $B$ is $P$ before and after impact and $(P-J)$ during the impact.
$(b)$ During the impact,$B$ gives impulse of magnitude $J$ to $A$.
$(c)$ The coefficient of restitution is $\left[\frac{2 J}{P}-1\right]$.
$(d)$ The coefficient of restitution is $\left[\frac{2 J}{P}+1\right]$.

$A$ body of mass $M$ is dropped from a height $h$ on a sand floor. If the body penetrates $x$ cm into the sand,then the average resistance offered by the sand to the body is