$A$ point source of light at the surface of a sphere causes a parallel beam of light to emerge from the opposite surface of the sphere. The refractive index of the material of the sphere is

$A$ concave spherical refracting surface separates two media,glass and air $(\mu_1 = 1.5, \mu_2 = 1.0)$. If the image is to be real,at what minimum distance $u$ should the object be placed in the glass if $R$ is the radius of curvature?

$A$ spherical surface of radius of curvature $R$ separates air from glass of refractive index $1.5$. The centre of curvature is in the glass. $A$ point object $P$ placed in air forms a real image $Q$ in the glass. The line $PQ$ cuts the surface at point $O$ and $PO = OQ = x$. Hence the distance $x$ is equal to (in $R$)

An air bubble in a glass sphere $(\mu=1.5)$ is situated at a distance $3\; cm$ from a convex surface of diameter $10\; cm$. At what distance from the surface will the bubble appear (in $; cm$)?

Explain the refraction by two transparent spherically curved surfaces.

What is the focal length of this curved surface in $cm$?