Albuminuria indicates . . . . . . .

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(A) Albuminuria refers to the presence of excessive albumin,a type of protein,in the urine. Normally,the glomerular filtration membrane prevents large

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Injury to endothelial capsular membrane as a result of increased blood pressure.

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(A) Albuminuria refers to the presence of excessive albumin,a type of protein,in the urine. Normally,the glomerular filtration membrane prevents large molecules like proteins from passing into the filtrate. When the endothelial-capsular membrane (glomerular filtration barrier) is damaged,often due to high blood pressure (hypertension) or kidney disease,these proteins leak into the urine. Therefore,it indicates injury to the glomerular filtration membrane.

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The condition of urine production resulting from a failed kidney is called ........

Choose the correct option:
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Majority of kidney stones consist of crystals of . . . . . . .

Blood is drained from a convenient $P$ of a patient and is pumped into a dialyzing unit after adding $Q$. After purification,$R$ is added to the blood,and it is returned to the body through $S$.
$\quad \quad P\quad \quad Q\quad \quad R\quad \quad S$

Kidney crystals (stones) are solid clusters of:

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