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(A) According to Newton's first law of motion,an object remains in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an exte

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(A) According to Newton's first law of motion,an object remains in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.Once the astronaut is separated from the spaceship,there are no external forces acting on him because there are no nearby stars to exert gravitational force,and the gravitational pull of the small spaceship is negligible.Since the net external force $F_{net} = 0$,the acceleration $a = F_{net}/m$ must also be $0$.Therefore,the acceleration of the astronaut the instant after he is outside the spaceship is $0 \; m/s^2$.

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