An ideal gas expands isothermally from a volume $V_1$ to $V_2$ and then is compressed to the original volume $V_1$ adiabatically. The initial pressure is $P_1$ and the final pressure is $P_3$. The total work done is $W$. Then:

The de Broglie wavelength of a proton is twice the de Broglie wavelength of an alpha particle. The ratio of the kinetic energies of the proton and the alpha particle is

What is the percentage of Photosynthetically Active Radiation $(PAR)$ in the incident solar radiation?

$\Delta \lambda$ is the difference between the wavelength of the $K_{\alpha}$ line and the minimum wavelength of the continuous $X$-ray spectrum when the $X$-ray tube is operated at a voltage $V$. If the operating voltage is changed to $V/3$,then the above difference is $\Delta \lambda^{\prime}$. Then:

If $\frac{dy}{dx} + 2x \tan(x-y) = 1$,then $\sin(x-y)$ is equal to

Let $\vec{a}=\hat{i}+\hat{j}+\hat{k}$,$\vec{b}=\hat{i}-\hat{j}+\hat{k}$ and $\vec{c}=\hat{i}-\hat{j}-\hat{k}$ be three vectors. $A$ vector $\vec{v}$ in the plane of $\vec{a}$ and $\vec{b}$,whose projection on $\vec{c}$ is $\frac{1}{\sqrt{3}}$,is given by