An infinite non-conducting sheet has a surface charge density $2 \times 10^{-7} \text{ C/m}^2$ on one side. The distance between two equipotential surfaces whose potential difference is $90 \text{ V}$ is (assume $\frac{1}{4 \pi \varepsilon_0} = 9 \times 10^9 \text{ Nm}^2/\text{C}^2$):

The electric field at $20 \,cm$ from the centre of a uniformly charged non-conducting sphere of radius $10 \,cm$ is $E$. Then at a distance $5 \,cm$ from the centre it will be

$(a)$ Show that the normal component of the electrostatic field has a discontinuity from one side of a charged surface to another given by $(E_2 - E_1) \cdot \hat{n} = \frac{\sigma}{\varepsilon_0}$, where $\hat{n}$ is a unit vector normal to the surface at a point and $\sigma$ is the surface charge density at that point. (The direction of $\hat{n}$ is from side $1$ to side $2$.) Hence, show that just outside a conductor, the electric field is $\frac{\sigma \hat{n}}{\varepsilon_0}$. $(b)$ Show that the tangential component of the electrostatic field is continuous from one side of a charged surface to another.

$A$ hollow charged conductor has a tiny hole cut into its surface. Show that the electric field in the hole is $(\sigma / 2 \varepsilon_{0}) \hat{n}$,where $\hat{n}$ is the unit vector in the outward normal direction,and $\sigma$ is the surface charge density near the hole.

Two large,thin metal plates are parallel and close to each other. On their inner faces,the plates have surface charge densities of opposite signs and of magnitude $17.0 \times 10^{-22} \; C/m^2$. What is $E$:
$(a)$ in the outer region of the first plate,
$(b)$ in the outer region of the second plate,and
$(c)$ between the plates?

$A$ uniform rod $AB$ of mass $m$ and length $l$ is hinged at its midpoint $C$. The left half $(AC)$ of the rod has linear charge density $-\lambda$ and the right half $(CB)$ has $+\lambda$,where $\lambda$ is constant. $A$ large non-conducting sheet of uniform surface charge density $\sigma$ is also present near the rod. Initially,the rod is kept perpendicular to the sheet. The end $A$ of the rod is initially at a distance $d$. Now,the rod is rotated by a small angle $\theta$ in the plane of the paper and released. The time period of small angular oscillations is: