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(B) The rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution (nitration) depends on the electron density of the benzene ring. Substituents that increase electr

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$d < e < a = c < b$

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(B) The rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution (nitration) depends on the electron density of the benzene ring. Substituents that increase electron density (activating groups) increase the rate,while those that decrease electron density (deactivating groups) decrease the rate.$1$. $PhNO_2$ $(d)$: The $-NO_2$ group is strongly deactivating due to $-I$ and $-R$ effects.$2$. $PhCl$ $(e)$: The $-Cl$ group is deactivating due to $-I > +R$ effects.$3$. $PhH$ $(a)$ and $C_6D_6$ $(c)$: These are the reference compounds. Since the rate-determining step is the formation of the sigma complex (arenium ion),the removal of the proton (or deuteron) is fast. Therefore,no primary kinetic isotope effect is observed,and the rates for $PhH$ and $C_6D_6$ are equal.$4$. $PhMe$ $(b)$: The $-CH_3$ group is activating due to $+I$ and hyperconjugation effects.Thus,the order of increasing rate of nitration is: $PhNO_2 < PhCl < PhH = C_6D_6 < PhMe$,which corresponds to $d < e < a = c < b$.

Arrange the following in increasing order of rate of Nitration:
$(a)$ Benzene
$(b)$ Toluene
$(c)$ Hexadeuterobenzene $(C_6D_6)$
$(d)$ Nitrobenzene
$(e)$ Chlorobenzene

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Arrange the following in increasing order of rate of Nitration:$(a)$ Benzene$(b)$ Toluene$(c)$ Hexadeuterobenzene $(C_6D_6)$$(d)$ Nitrobenzene$(e)$ Chlorobenzene