Assume that the solar constant is $1.4 \, kW/m^2$,the radius of the sun is $7 \times 10^5 \, km$,and the distance of the earth from the center of the sun is $1.5 \times 10^8 \, km$. Given Stefan's constant is $\sigma = 5.67 \times 10^{-8} \, W m^{-2} K^{-4}$,find the approximate temperature of the sun in $K$.

$A$ small object is placed at the center of a large evacuated hollow spherical container. Assume that the container is maintained at $0 \ K$. At time $t = 0$,the temperature of the object is $200 \ K$. The temperature of the object becomes $100 \ K$ at $t = t_1$ and $50 \ K$ at $t = t_2$. Assume the object and the container to be ideal black bodies. The heat capacity of the object does not depend on temperature. The ratio $(t_2 / t_1)$ is:

Three very large plates of same area are kept parallel and close to each other. They are considered as ideal black surfaces and have very high thermal conductivity. First and third plates are maintained at absolute temperatures $2 T$ and $3 T$ respectively. Temperature of the middle plate in steady state is

The heat radiated per unit area in $1\,hour$ by a furnace whose temperature is $3000\,K$ is $(\sigma = 5.7 \times 10^{-8}\,W\,m^{-2}\,K^{-4})$.

Two black bodies at temperatures $327^{\circ} C$ and $427^{\circ} C$ are kept in an evacuated chamber at $27^{\circ} C$. The ratio of their rates of loss of heat are :

Three very large plates of the same area are kept parallel and close to each other. They are considered as ideal black surfaces and have very high thermal conductivity. The first and third plates are maintained at temperatures $2T$ and $3T$ respectively. The temperature of the middle (i.e.,second) plate under steady-state condition is