$A$ bird is flying at $12 \ m$ height above the water surface and a fish is swimming $16 \ m$ below the water surface $(\mu_{\text{water}} = 4/3)$. Find the distance of the bird with respect to the fish as seen by the fish. (in $m$)

$A$ ray of light is incident on a transparent sphere at an angle of $\pi / 4$ and is refracted at an angle $r$. The ray emerges from the sphere after suffering one internal reflection. The total angle of deviation of the ray is

Clarify the meanings of optical density and mass density.

An observer can see through a small hole on the side of a jar (radius $15\, cm$) at a point at a height of $15\, cm$ from the bottom (see figure). The hole is at a height of $45\, cm$. When the jar is filled with a liquid up to a height of $30\, cm$,the same observer can see the edge at the bottom of the jar. If the refractive index of the liquid is $N/100$,where $N$ is an integer,the value of $N$ is $.....$

$A$ monochromatic light wave with wavelength $\lambda_1$ and frequency $v_1$ in air enters another medium. If the angle of incidence and angle of refraction at the interface are $45^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ respectively,then the wavelength $\lambda_2$ and frequency $v_2$ of the refracted wave are :

$A$ ray of light travels from air to water to glass and again from glass to air. Refractive index of water with respect to air is $x$, glass with respect to water is $y$, and air with respect to glass is $z$. Which one of the following is correct?