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(A) The absorption of glucose and amino acids is mediated by carrier ions like $Na^+$. The concentration of $Na^+$ is higher in the intestinal lumen c

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amino acids and glucose

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(A) The absorption of glucose and amino acids is mediated by carrier ions like $Na^+$. The concentration of $Na^+$ is higher in the intestinal lumen compared to the mucosal cells. $Na^+$ moves into the cells along its concentration gradient,and simultaneously,glucose or amino acids are transported into the intestinal cells via symport. Thus,$Na^+$ diffuses into the cell and drags glucose or amino acids along with it. The intestinal $Na^+$ gradient serves as the immediate energy source for this secondary active transport. Fructose absorption occurs via facilitated diffusion,which does not require energy and is independent of $Na^+$ transport.

Carrier ions like $Na^+$ facilitate the absorption of substances like

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