During $ATP$ synthesis,electrons are transported through:

Chemiosmosis requires:
$I$. $A$ membrane
$II$. $A$ proton pump
$III$. $A$ proton gradient
Select the correct option.

Assertion $(A) : H^+$ gradient across the thylakoid membrane is essential for the formation of $\text{ATP}$.
Reason $(R) :$ Breakdown of $H^+$ gradient due to the movement of protons through $F_0$ of $\text{ATP}$ synthase releases enough energy to activate $\text{ATP}$ synthase enzyme that catalyses the formation of $\text{ATP}$.

Pigment system-$II$ ($PS$-$II$) is concerned with:

$Z$-scheme in the thylakoid membrane of plants is concerned with:

Complete the flow chart for cyclic photophosphorylation of the photosystem $-I$.