The dynamic aspect of an ecosystem is:

Grassland biome for its maintenance requires

Solar energy is converted into chemical energy by plants,and this chemical energy is converted into kinetic or heat energy in animals. This process demonstrates:

Match the following columns correctly:

Column-$I$	Column-$II$
$(i)$ Producers	$(P)$ Primary consumers
$(ii)$ Herbivores	$(Q)$ Net primary productivity
$(iii)$ Carnivores	$(R)$ Primary trophic level
$(iv)$ Top carnivores	$(S)$ Secondary productivity

Which one statement is correct regarding man-made ecosystems?

Assertion : In tropical rain forests,$O-$ horizon and $A-$ horizon of soil profile are shallow and nutrient-poor.
Reason : Excessive growth of micro-organisms in the soil depletes its organic content.