Explain the damage to the troposphere caused by $CO$ and $CO_2$.

(N/A) $(i)$ Effects of carbon monoxide $(CO)$:
- Carbon monoxide $(CO)$ is a serious air pollutant. It is a colourless and odourless gas.
- It blocks the delivery of oxygen to organs and tissues,making it highly poisonous to living organisms.
- It is produced by the incomplete combustion of carbon-based fuels like coal,firewood,and petrol,as well as from automobile exhaust.
- $CO$ binds with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin,which is $300$ times more stable than the oxygen-hemoglobin complex.
- $A$ carboxyhemoglobin concentration of $3-4 \%$ reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood,leading to headaches,weak eyesight,nervousness,and cardiovascular disorders.
$(ii)$ Effects of carbon dioxide $(CO_2)$:
- $CO_2$ is released through respiration,burning of fossil fuels,and industrial processes like cement manufacturing.
- It is confined to the troposphere and normally constitutes $0.03 \%$ by volume of the atmosphere.
- Increased burning of fossil fuels and deforestation lead to an excess of $CO_2$ in the atmosphere.
- Excess $CO_2$ is primarily responsible for global warming,as it traps heat in the atmosphere.