Explain the factors affecting growth.

(N/A) Growth in plants is a complex phenomenon influenced by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors:
$1$. $Intrinsic$ $Factors$: These include genetic factors (genotype) and intracellular factors like plant growth regulators (hormones) such as auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, abscisic acid, and ethylene.
$2$. $Extrinsic$ $Factors$: These are environmental factors that influence growth:
- $Water$: It is essential for cell enlargement, turgidity, and enzymatic activities. It provides the medium for metabolic reactions.
- $Oxygen$: It is required for aerobic respiration, which releases the energy necessary for growth.
- $Nutrients$: Macro and micronutrients are required for the synthesis of protoplasm and act as sources of energy.
- $Temperature$: Every plant has an optimum temperature range for growth. Extremes can denature enzymes or inhibit metabolic processes.
- $Light$: Light intensity, quality, and duration (photoperiodism) significantly affect growth and development.