Given below are two statements: one is labelled as Assertion $A$ and the other is labelled as Reason $R$.
Assertion $A$: For a simple microscope,the angular size of the object equals the angular size of the image.
Reason $R$: Magnification is achieved as the small object can be kept much closer to the eye than $25\, cm$ and hence it subtends a large angle.
In the light of the above statements,choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

When the final image is formed at the least distance of distinct vision $(D)$ from the eye,the magnifying power of a simple microscope is ($f$ is the focal length of the lens):

Answer the following questions:
$(a)$ The angle subtended at the eye by an object is equal to the angle subtended at the eye by the virtual image produced by a magnifying glass. In what sense then does a magnifying glass provide angular magnification?
$(b)$ In viewing through a magnifying glass,one usually positions one's eyes very close to the lens. Does angular magnification change if the eye is moved back?
$(c)$ Magnifying power of a simple microscope is inversely proportional to the focal length of the lens. What then stops us from using a convex lens of smaller and smaller focal length and achieving greater and greater magnifying power?
$(d)$ Why must both the objective and the eyepiece of a compound microscope have short focal lengths?
$(e)$ When viewing through a compound microscope,our eyes should be positioned not on the eyepiece but a short distance away from it for best viewing. Why? How much should be that short distance between the eye and eyepiece?

What are the objective and the eye-piece in an optical instrument?

$A$ card sheet divided into squares each of size $1 \, mm^{2}$ is being viewed at a distance of $9 \, cm$ through a magnifying glass (a converging lens of focal length $10 \, cm$) held close to the eye.
$(a)$ What is the magnification produced by the lens? How much is the area of each square in the virtual image?
$(b)$ What is the angular magnification (magnifying power) of the lens?
$(c)$ Is the magnification in $(a)$ equal to the magnifying power in $(b)$? Explain.

The focal length of the objective and eye lens of a microscope are $4 \, cm$ and $8 \, cm$ respectively. If the least distance of distinct vision is $24 \, cm$ and the object distance is $4.5 \, cm$ from the objective lens, then the magnifying power of the microscope will be: