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(B) The gravitational potential energy of an object of mass $m$ at a distance $r$ from the center of the earth is given by $U = -\frac{GMm}{r}$.At the

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$\frac{m g R}{2}$

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(B) The gravitational potential energy of an object of mass $m$ at a distance $r$ from the center of the earth is given by $U = -\frac{GMm}{r}$.At the surface of the earth, $r = R$, so $U_i = -\frac{GMm}{R}$.At a height $h = R$ above the surface, the distance from the center is $r = R + h = R + R = 2R$.Thus, the potential energy at height $h$ is $U_f = -\frac{GMm}{2R}$.The gain in potential energy is $\Delta U = U_f - U_i = -\frac{GMm}{2R} - (-\frac{GMm}{R}) = \frac{GMm}{R} - \frac{GMm}{2R} = \frac{GMm}{2R}$.Since the acceleration due to gravity on the surface is $g = \frac{GM}{R^2}$, we have $GM = gR^2$.Substituting this into the expression for $\Delta U$, we get $\Delta U = \frac{(gR^2)m}{2R} = \frac{mgR}{2}$.

If $g$ is the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of the earth, the gain in potential energy of an object of mass $m$ raised from the earth's surface to a height equal to the radius $R$ of the earth is

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