If the enthalpy of formation and enthalpy of solution of $HCl(g)$ are $-92.3 \ kJ/mol$ and $-75.14 \ kJ/mol$ respectively,then find the enthalpy of formation of $Cl^{-}(aq)$. [Assume $\Delta H_{f}(H^{+}) = 0 \ kJ/mol$]

For the reaction $2H_{2(g)} + O_{2(g)} \to 2H_2O_{(l)}$,the enthalpy change is $\Delta H = -571 \ kJ$. If the $H-H$ bond energy is $435 \ kJ \ mol^{-1}$ and the $O=O$ bond energy is $498 \ kJ \ mol^{-1}$,calculate the average bond energy of the $O-H$ bond in $kJ \ mol^{-1}$.

Given the following thermochemical equations:
$(1) \ H_2O_{(g)} + C_{(s)} \to CO_{(g)} + H_{2(g)} ; \Delta H_1 = 100 \ kJ$
$(2) \ CO_{(g)} + \frac{1}{2}O_{2_{(g)}} \to CO_{2_{(g)}} ; \Delta H_2 = -300 \ kJ$
$(3) \ H_{2(g)} + \frac{1}{2}O_{2_{(g)}} \to H_2O_{(g)} ; \Delta H_3 = -250 \ kJ$
Calculate the value of $x$ for the reaction:
$(4) \ C_{(s)} + O_{2_{(g)}} \to CO_{2_{(g)}} ; \Delta H_4 = -x \ kJ$

$H_2 + Cl_2 \longrightarrow 2HCl$ ; $\Delta H = -x \ kJ$
$NaCl + H_2SO_4 \longrightarrow NaHSO_4 + HCl$ ; $\Delta H = -y \ kJ$
$2H_2O + 2Cl_2 \longrightarrow 4HCl + O_2$ ; $\Delta H = -z \ kJ$
From the above equations,the value of $\Delta H_f$ of $HCl$ is:

Fill in the blanks:
$(i)$ The enthalpy change that occurs when one mole of a compound is formed from its constituent elements in their standard states is called the ...... of that compound.
$(ii)$ The total heat change in a chemical reaction is equal to the algebraic sum of the heat changes of the individual steps of the reaction. This law was given by ............. .
$(iii)$ $A$ process during which there is no exchange of heat between the system and the surroundings is called an ................ process.
$(iv)$ The standard enthalpy value of any element in its standard state is considered to be ...... .

Nitroglycerine $(MW = 227.1)$ detonates according to the following equation:
$2 C_{3}H_{5}(NO_{3})_{3(l)} \longrightarrow 3 N_{2(g)} + \frac{1}{2} O_{2(g)} + 6 CO_{2(g)} + 5 H_{2}O_{(g)}$
The standard molar enthalpies of formation,$\Delta H_{f}^{\circ}$ for all the compounds are given below:
$\Delta H_{f}^{\circ}[C_{3}H_{5}(NO_{3})_{3}] = -364 \, kJ/mol$
$\Delta H_{f}^{\circ}[CO_{2(g)}] = -393.5 \, kJ/mol$
$\Delta H_{f}^{\circ}[H_{2}O_{(g)}] = -241.8 \, kJ/mol$
$\Delta H_{f}^{\circ}[N_{2(g)}] = 0 \, kJ/mol$
$\Delta H_{f}^{\circ}[O_{2(g)}] = 0 \, kJ/mol$
The enthalpy change when $10 \, g$ of nitroglycerine is detonated is $..... \, kJ$.