In desert plants, the rate of water loss is reduced due to the presence of:

How many types of elements together make up the xylem tissue? Name them.

What is the chemical substance that makes the cells of the sclerenchyma hard? Mention where this tissue is likely to be present.

Explain the basic characteristics for the classification of permanent tissues in plants.

Identify the simple permanent plant tissue with the following descriptions and also mention their location in the plant body:
$(a)$ Cells have irregular wall thickenings.
$(b)$ Tissues with large intercellular spaces and cells having large air cavity.
$(c)$ Cells are long,narrow,and dead in nature.

When observed under a microscope,small pores are seen in the epidermis of the leaf. What are these pores called? Write two functions of these pores.