| $I.P.$ \text{ प्रवृत्ति} | कारण |
| $A$. $N > O$ | अर्ध-भरित विन्यास |
| $B$. $Zr < Hf$ | लैंथेनाइड संकुचन |
| $C$. $Na > K$ | $Z_{eff}$ |
| $D$. $Al < Ga$ | संक्रमण संकुचन |
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| $A_{(g)} \to A^{+}_{(g)} + e^-, \ A_1$ | $B_{(g)} \to B^{+}_{(g)} + e^-, \ B_1$ |
| $B^{+}_{(g)} \to B^{2+}_{(g)} + e^-, \ B_2$ | $C_{(g)} \to C^{+}_{(g)} + e^-, \ C_1$ |
| $C^{+}_{(g)} \to C^{2+}_{(g)} + e^-, \ C_2$ | $C^{2+}_{(g)} \to C^{3+}_{(g)} + e^-, \ C_3$ |
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