Increasing the concentration of a nucleophile in a typical $S_N2$ reaction by a factor of $10$ will cause the reaction rate to

The mechanism of $S_{N}1$ reaction is given as:
$R-X$ $\rightarrow R^{\oplus} X^{\ominus}$ $\rightarrow R^{\oplus} | X^{\ominus}$ $\xrightarrow{Y^{\ominus}} R-Y + X^{\ominus}$
(Ion pair) (Solvent separated ion pair)
$A$ student writes general characteristics based on the given mechanism as:
$(a)$ The reaction is favoured by weak nucleophiles
$(b)$ $R^{\oplus}$ would be easily formed if the substituents are bulky
$(c)$ The reaction is accompanied by racemization
$(d)$ The reaction is favoured by non-polar solvents.
Which observations are correct?

Major products $A$ and $B$ formed in the following reaction sequence are:

Arrange the following compounds in decreasing order of their reactivity for hydrolysis reaction:
$(I)$ $C_6H_5-CH_2-Br$
$(II)$ $C_6H_5-CH(Br)-C_2H_5$
$(III)$ $CH_3-CH_2-Br$
$(IV)$ $C_6H_5-CH(Br)-C_6H_5$

Which of the following nucleophiles will show minimum reactivity towards $S_N2$ reaction:

Chloroform reacts with concentrated $HNO_{3}$ to give