Newton's laws can be applied to mechanical waves propagating in elastic media. Can they be applied to electromagnetic waves also?

If $\vec{E}$ and $\vec{K}$ represent the electric field and propagation vectors of electromagnetic $(EM)$ waves in a vacuum,respectively,then the magnetic field vector $\vec{B}$ is given by: (where $\omega$ is the angular frequency).

An electromagnetic $(EM)$ wave is propagating in a medium with a velocity $\vec{v} = v\hat{i}$. The instantaneous oscillating electric field of this $EM$ wave is along the $+y$ axis. Then the direction of the oscillating magnetic field of the $EM$ wave will be along:

An electromagnetic wave travels along the $z$-axis. Which of the following pairs of space and time-varying fields would generate such a wave?

For electromagnetic waves,the phase difference between the $\vec{E}$ and $\vec{B}$ vectors (for the region far from the source) is......

Answer the following questions:
$(a)$ Long distance radio broadcasts use short-wave bands. Why?
$(b)$ It is necessary to use satellites for long distance $TV$ transmission. Why?
$(c)$ Optical and radio telescopes are built on the ground but $X$-ray astronomy is possible only from satellites orbiting the earth. Why?
$(d)$ The small ozone layer on top of the stratosphere is crucial for human survival. Why?
$(e)$ If the earth did not have an atmosphere,would its average surface temperature be higher or lower than what it is now?
$(f)$ Some scientists have predicted that a global nuclear war on the earth would be followed by a severe 'nuclear winter' with a devastating effect on life on earth. What might be the basis of this prediction?