On a voyage in their yacht,John and his father came across an iceberg. John advised his father to keep away from the iceberg. His father said that it is just a small piece of ice jutting out of the sea and there is nothing to bother. John told his father that icebergs are dangerous and narrated the story of the ship $Titanic$,which was sunk by an iceberg. John explained to his father why the iceberg was dangerous. This convinced his father,and they steered clear of the iceberg.
$(a)$ Why are icebergs in the sea dangerous?
$(b)$ What values are possessed by John and his father?

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(N/A) An iceberg has a smaller density $(0.917 \text{ g cm}^{-3})$ than sea water at the same temperature. The density of sea water is about $1.018 \text{ g cm}^{-3}$,hence an iceberg floats with nearly $10\%$ of its volume outside the water. This means that only a small part of the iceberg is visible above the water surface,while the massive bulk remains hidden beneath,making it dangerous for ships.
$(b)$ John: Caring nature,awareness,and scientific knowledge.
John's father: Open-mindedness and respect for knowledge.

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Kanchan purchased gold from a jeweller. She was,however,very apprehensive about the purity of the gold purchased by her. Ultimately,she approached a person who claimed he could test its purity by making certain measurements of weight of the gold in air and water.
$(a)$ What principle was he making use of for testing purity?
$(b)$ Write the relation by which he found the relevant quantity.
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An object weighs $10 \, N$ in air. When immersed fully in water,it weighs only $8 \, N$. The weight of the liquid displaced by the object will be (in $, N$)

$(a)$ Name the two factors on which the buoyant force depends.
$(b)$ State the relationship between the buoyant force on an object and the weight of the liquid displaced by it.

You have a bag of cotton and an iron bar,each indicating a mass of $100\, kg$ when measured on a weighing machine. In reality,one is heavier than the other. Can you say which one is heavier and why?

What do you mean by buoyancy?

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