Phylogeny and inter-relationship found between taxa on the basis of number,type,and arrangement of chromosomes is known as:

Try to collect all the currently accepted meanings for the word 'species'. Discuss with your teacher the meaning of species in case of higher plants and animals on one hand and bacteria on the other hand.

Statement $S$: The family $Columbidae$ includes pigeons and doves,which consist of various genera and species.
Reason $R$: $A$ family is a category formed by a group of closely related genera.
$(a)$ Both $S$ and $R$ are true,and $R$ is the correct explanation of $S$.
$(b)$ Both $S$ and $R$ are true,but $R$ is not the correct explanation of $S$.
$(c)$ $S$ is true and $R$ is false.
$(d)$ $S$ is false and $R$ is true.
$(e)$ Both $S$ and $R$ are false.

Assertion $(A)$: The nomenclature of organisms should be done in the Latin language.
Reason $(R)$: In nomenclature,the first name should be the species and the second name should be the genus.

The suffix $-phyta$ indicates

The descending arrangement of taxonomic categories is called: