Similarity developed in distantly related groups as an adaptation to the same function is called

The pioneers in the field of 'organic evolution' are

Mark the correct statements:
$I.$ Fitness of individuals means reproductive fitness.
$II.$ Homology in vertebrate brain indicates common ancestry.
$III.$ Theory of acquired characters was given by de Vries.
$IV.$ After industrialization,the white moth did not survive due to predators.
The correct option is:

Assertion $A$: Organisms show variations to adapt and utilize the environment to the maximum extent.
Reason $R$: Variations lead to the formation of new species.
Which option is correct for Assertion $A$ and Reason $R$?

Which of the following options provides a correct example of convergent and divergent evolution, respectively? (Convergent Evolution - Divergent Evolution)

Which one of the following is known as the age of amphibians,fishes,and invertebrates?