Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aid | vedclass

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(D) : An $elater$ is a cell (or structure attached to a cell) that is hygroscopic,and therefore will change shape in response to changes in moisture i

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elaters

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(D) : An $elater$ is a cell (or structure attached to a cell) that is hygroscopic,and therefore will change shape in response to changes in moisture in the environment.Elaters come in a variety of forms,but are always associated with plant spores.In plants that do not have seeds,they function in dispersing the spores to a new location.In the liverworts,$elaters$ are cells that develop in the sporophyte alongside the spores.They are complete cells,usually with helical thickenings at maturity that respond to moisture content.In most liverworts,the $elaters$ are unattached,but in some leafy species (such as $Frullania$) a few $elaters$ will remain attached to the inside of the sporangium (spore capsule).The $elaters$ by hygroscopic movement help in spore dispersal.

Spore dissemination in some liverworts is aided by

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