Which of the following are required for blood | vedclass

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(B) Blood clotting (coagulation) is a complex process involving a cascade of clotting factors. $1$. Vitamin $K$ is essential for the synthesis of seve

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$Ca^{++}$ and Vitamin $K$

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(B) Blood clotting (coagulation) is a complex process involving a cascade of clotting factors. $1$. Vitamin $K$ is essential for the synthesis of several clotting factors in the liver,such as factors $II$ (prothrombin),$VII$,$IX$,and $X$. $2$. Calcium ions $(Ca^{++})$ act as a crucial cofactor in multiple steps of the coagulation cascade,including the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin and the polymerization of fibrinogen into fibrin. Therefore,both $Ca^{++}$ and Vitamin $K$ are necessary for the blood-clotting process.

Which of the following are required for blood clotting in mammals?

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