The following graph depicts changes in two populations ($A$ and $B$) of herbivores in a grassy field. $A$ possible reason for these changes is that

Territoriality occurs as a result of

Name the term used to describe a single dominant species that dictates community structure.

What do caterpillars develop as a defense mechanism against their predators?

Study the following four statements $(1-4)$ and select the two which are correct:
$(1)$ Lion eating deer and sparrow feeding on grain are ecologically similar in being consumers.
$(2)$ The predator starfish $Pisaster$ helps in maintaining species diversity of some invertebrates.
$(3)$ Predators often lead to the extinction of prey species.
$(4)$ Production of chemicals such as nicotine and strychnine by plants is a metabolic disorder.
Which two statements are correct?

$A$ female fig wasp enters the syconium of a fig,pollinates the flowers and lays eggs in the ovaries of some of the flowers. The young larvae grow up,eat (and kill) some,but not all of the seeds and complete their life cycle.
The fig is completely dependent on fig wasps to pollinate its flowers and the fig wasp requires figs to complete its life cycle.
The interaction between figs and fig wasps has aspects of:
$I.$ mutualism
$II.$ host-parasite interaction
$III.$ competition
$IV.$ ammensalism
$V.$ protocooperation
Select the correct option.