The force required to stretch a steel wire of area of cross-section $1 \,mm^2$ to double its length is (Young's modulus of steel $= 2 \times 10^{11} \,N \,m^{-2}$)

$A$ stress of $1.5 \, kg.wt/mm^2$ is applied to a wire of Young's modulus $5 \times 10^{11} \, N/m^2$. The percentage increase in its length is

$A$ wooden wheel of radius $R$ is made of two semicircular parts (see figure). The two parts are held together by a ring made of a metal strip of cross-sectional area $S$ and length $L$. $L$ is slightly less than $2\pi R$. To fit the ring on the wheel,it is heated so that its temperature rises by $\Delta T$ and it just slips over the wheel. As it cools down to the surrounding temperature,it presses the semicircular parts together. If the coefficient of linear expansion of the metal is $\alpha$,and its Young's modulus is $Y$,the force that one part of the wheel applies on the other part is:

The elongation of a wire on the surface of the earth is $10^{-4} \; m$. The same wire of same dimensions is elongated by $6 \times 10^{-5} \; m$ on another planet. The acceleration due to gravity on the planet will be $\dots \; m/s^2$. (Take acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth $= 10 \; m/s^2$)

The decrease in length of a metal bar of length $L$ and cross-sectional area $A$ when compressed with a load $F$ along its length is (where $Y$ is Young's modulus of the material of the metal bar).

What is bending? How can bending problems be prevented,and what is buckling?