The frequencies of $K_{\alpha}$,$K_{\beta}$,and $L_{\alpha}$ $X$-rays of a material are $\nu_1$,$\nu_2$,and $\nu_3$ respectively. Which of the following relations holds good?

An $X$-ray beam of wavelength $1 \ \mathring A$ is incident on a crystal with a lattice spacing of $2.8 \ \mathring A$. Find the value of the Bragg angle in degrees for the first-order diffraction.

$\Delta \lambda$ is the difference between the wavelength of the $K_\alpha$ line and the minimum wavelength of the continuous $X$-ray spectrum when the $X$-ray tube is operated at a voltage $V$. If the operating voltage is changed to $V / 3$,then the above difference is $\Delta \lambda^{\prime}$. Then:

What does the $K\alpha$ characteristic $X$-ray represent?

The shortest wavelength of $X-$rays emitted from an $X-$ray tube depends upon

The minimum wavelength of the $X$-rays produced by electrons accelerated through a potential difference of $V$ volts is directly proportional to