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(C) The electron-withdrawing power of functional groups is determined by their inductive effect ($-I$ effect) and electronegativity.Comparing the give

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$d < b < a < c$

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(C) The electron-withdrawing power of functional groups is determined by their inductive effect ($-I$ effect) and electronegativity.Comparing the given groups:$1$. The $-I$ group has the weakest electron-withdrawing effect among the options provided.$2$. The $-COOH$ group is more electron-withdrawing than $-I$.$3$. The $-CN$ group is more electron-withdrawing than $-COOH$ due to the higher electronegativity of the nitrogen atom and the $sp$ hybridized carbon.$4$. The $-NO_2$ group is the strongest electron-withdrawing group among these due to the presence of two highly electronegative oxygen atoms attached to a positively charged nitrogen atom.Therefore, the increasing order is: $d < b < a < c$.

The increasing order of the electron-withdrawing power of the following functional groups is:
a. $-CN$
b. $-COOH$
c. $-NO_2$
d. $-I$

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The increasing order of the electron-withdrawing power of the following functional groups is:a. $-CN$b. $-COOH$c. $-NO_2$d. $-I$