The most effective water softening method is

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(C) Boiling removes only temporary hardness of water.During boiling,the soluble $Mg(HCO_3)_2$ is converted into insoluble magnesium hydroxide and $Ca(

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Ion-exchange process

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(C) Boiling removes only temporary hardness of water.During boiling,the soluble $Mg(HCO_3)_2$ is converted into insoluble magnesium hydroxide and $Ca(HCO_3)_2$ is changed to insoluble calcium carbonate.In the permutit process,hydrated sodium aluminium silicate is used. For simplicity,sodium aluminium silicate $(NaAlSiO_4)$ can be written as $NaZ$. When this is added to hard water,exchange reactions take place:$2 NaZ_{(s)} + M^{2+}_{(aq)} \rightarrow MZ_{2(s)} + 2 Na^{+}_{(aq)}$ (where $M = Mg, Ca$).In the permutit process,only cations causing hardness are removed.In the ion-exchange process,both the cations and anions causing permanent hardness of water can be removed by using cation and anion exchange resins. Demineralized water is obtained after this process.Hence,the most effective method for the removal of hardness of water is the ion-exchange process.

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