They are not included in decomposers.

Maximum photosynthesis occurs through .......

Which of the following statements regarding food chains are considered correct?
$(1)$ Removal of $80\%$ of tigers from an area results in greatly increased growth of vegetation.
$(2)$ Removal of most carnivores results in an increased population of deer.
$(3)$ The length of food chains is generally limited to $3-4$ trophic levels due to energy loss.
$(4)$ The length of food chains can vary from $2$ to $8$ trophic levels.

The components of an ecosystem include .......... .

Biological equilibrium is an equilibrium among the

$A$ : During succession,nutrient availability decreases while biomass level increases.
$R$ : $NCP$ (Net Community Productivity) remains same during succession.